Why is folic acid important before and during pregnancy?

Folic acid is crucial before and during pregnancy primarily because it plays a significant role in the prevention of neural tube defects, which are serious congenital disabilities of the brain and spine. Neural tube defects occur during the early development of the embryo, and adequate intake of folic acid greatly reduces the risk of these conditions. Additionally, folic acid is essential for the production of red blood cells, helping to prevent anemia, which is particularly important during pregnancy when the demand for blood increases to support both the mother and the growing fetus.

The other options do not directly address the well-established benefits of folic acid in relation to pregnancy. While regulating blood glucose levels, promoting blood clotting, and aiding in iron absorption are important aspects of maternal health, they are not primary functions of folic acid itself. Thus, the emphasis on preventing neural tube defects and managing anemia accurately reflects the critical role of folic acid in maternal and fetal health.