Name a maternal risk factor that can affect fetal development.

Diabetes mellitus is a significant maternal risk factor that can adversely affect fetal development. When a mother has diabetes, especially if it is poorly controlled, it can lead to high levels of glucose in the bloodstream. This condition can result in several complications for the fetus, including macrosomia, where the baby grows excessively large, which can complicate labor and delivery. Additionally, elevated blood glucose levels can increase the risk of congenital anomalies, particularly affecting the heart and neural tube development.

Furthermore, uncontrolled diabetes can result in issues such as preterm birth, respiratory distress syndrome, and hypoglycemia in the newborn after delivery. It is crucial for mothers with diabetes to manage their blood sugar levels effectively throughout pregnancy to minimize these risks and promote optimal fetal development. This highlights the importance of preconception care and ongoing management to ensure both maternal and fetal health.